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Cet article traite de la découverte de lithopone phosphorescent sur des dessins à l'aquarelle, datés entre 1890 et 1905, de l'artiste Américain John La Farge et de l'histoire du lithopone dans l'industrie des pigments à la fin du 19e et au début du 20e siècle. Malgré de nombreuses qualités souhaitables pour une utilisation en tant que blanc dans les aquarelles et les peintures à l'huile, le développement du lithopone comme pigment pour artistes a été compliqué de par sa tendance à noircir lorsqu'il est exposé au soleil. Sa disponibilité et son usage par les artistes demeurent incertains parce que les catalogues des marchands de couleurs n'étaient généralement pas explicites à indiquer si les pigments blancs contenaient du lithopone. De plus, lors d'un examen visuel, le lithopone peut être confondu avec le blanc de plomb et sa phosphorescence de courte durée peut facilement être ignorée par l'observateur non averti. À ce jour, le lithopone phosphorescent a seulement été documenté sur une autre œuvre: une aquarelle de Van Gogh. En plus de l'histoire de la fabrication du lithopone, cet article décrit le mécanisme de sa phosphorescence et son identification à l'aide de la spectroscopie Raman et de la spectrofluorimétrie. En este artículo se discute el descubrimiento del litopón fosforescente en dibujos a la acuarela por el artista americano John La Farge, fechados de 1890 a 1905, y la historia del litopón en la industria de los pigmentos a finales del Siglo XIX y principios del Siglo XX. A pesar de tener muchas cualidades deseables para su uso en pintura para acuarela o pinturas al óleo blancas, el desarrollo del litopón como pigmento para artistas fue obstaculizado por su tendencia a oscurecerse con la luz solar. Su disponibilidad para los artistas y su adopción por ellos sigue siendo poco clara, ya que por lo general los catálogos comerciales de los coloristas no eran explícitos al describir si los pigmentos blancos contenían litopón. Además, el litopón se puede confundir con blanco de plomo durante el examen visual, y su fosforescencia de corta duración puede ser fácilmente pasada por alto por el observador desinformado. A la fecha, el litopón fosforescente ha sido documentado solamente en otra obra mas: una acuarela por Van Gogh. Además de la historia de la fabricación del litopón, el artículo detalla el mecanismo para su fosforescencia, y su identificación con la ayuda de espectroscopía de Raman, y de espectrofluorimetría. Este artigo discute a descoberta de litopônio fosforescente em desenhos de aquarela do artista americano John La Farge datados de entre 1890 e 1905 e a história do litopônio na indústria de pigmento no final do século XIX e início do século XX. Apesar de ter muitas qualidades desejáveis para o uso em aquarela branca ou tintas a óleo, o desenvolvimento do litopônio como um pigmento de artistas foi prejudicado por sua tendência a se escurecer na luz solar. Sua disponibilidade para e uso por parte de artistas ainda não está clara, uma vez que os catálogos comerciais dos vendedores de tintas geralmente não eram explícitos na descrição de pigmentos brancos como algo que contém litopônio. Além disso, o litopônio pode ser confundido com o branco de chumbo durante o exame visual e sua fosforescência de curta duração pode ser facilmente perdida pelo observador desinformado. O litopônio fosforescente foi documentado em apenas um outro trabalho até hoje: uma aquarela de Van Gogh. Além da história da manufatura do litopônio, o artigo detalha o mecanismo para a sua fosforescência e sua identificação auxiliada pela espectroscopia de Raman e espectrofluorimetria.

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Lithopone or sulphide of zinc white has been in general use for twenty years or more in many industries where a white pigment of considerable body or hiding power is required that is not subject to change like lead carbonate and has not the brittle character of zinc oxide, besides being sold at a lower figure than either of these. Nevertheless it is still comparatively new to the general painting trade. Because of our tariff protection its manufacture in this country has made great progress. Yet in spite of this and the duty imposed on it, the imports are still in excess of the quantity manufactured here. A short history of its origin will no doubt prove of interest to our readers.

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  • When tackling thick materials, it’s important to use the right needles and thread. A sewing machine that can accommodate large, robust needles (like a 16 or 18 size) is ideal for heavy fabrics. Similarly, using heavy-duty thread will help prevent breakage and ensure strong seams. Make sure your sewing machine is compatible with such needles and threads.


  • 1. Machine Type Jute bag sewing machines vary in type and complexity, which heavily influences their price. Basic sewing machines suitable for small-scale operations may cost around $300 to $800, while industrial-grade machines designed for mass production can range from $1,000 to $5,000 or more. Advanced models may offer features such as automatic thread trimming, programmable stitching patterns, and higher speed, all of which can increase the price.


  • Heavy Duty Sewing Needles A Comprehensive Guide


  • A chain stitch sewing machine is a valuable asset for anyone engaged in sewing, from hobbyists to professional garment manufacturers. Its speed, flexibility, and cost-effectiveness make it an appealing choice for various sewing applications. With several purchasing options available, you are bound to find the perfect chain stitch machine to meet your needs. Whether you're enhancing your sewing hobby or boosting your production capabilities, investing in this versatile equipment is sure to elevate your sewing experience.


  • Using a double needle also allows for the creation of pintucks, which adds texture and dimension to sewing projects. By adjusting the distance between the needles, sewers can achieve a range of effects, adapting to the specific needs of their projects. This flexibility enhances creativity and encourages experimentation, making the sewing process even more enjoyable.


  • In today’s fast-paced industrial environment, efficient packaging is crucial for businesses aiming to maintain a competitive edge. Among the various elements of the packaging process, bag closing machinery plays a vital role in ensuring that products are securely sealed and ready for distribution. As industries continue to evolve, the demand for innovative bag closing solutions has surged, leading to the development of various types of machinery designed to cater to different needs.


  • C. Handling Different Fabrics and Materials:
    Here, we’ll provide tips on handling different types of fabrics, including denim, leather, canvas, and thick upholstery materials. We’ll discuss techniques such as adjusting stitch length and using appropriate presser foot attachments to achieve professional results.

  • In addition to their durability, stitch machine embroidery designs also offer precision and accuracy. With the ability to program intricate patterns and designs into the embroidery machine, you can create flawless and detailed designs that would be difficult to achieve with hand embroidery. This precision is particularly useful when working on large-scale projects or intricate designs that require a high level of detail.


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  • 5. Clips and Adhesives Unlike fabric, pins are not very effective on leather. Instead, use clips designed for thicker materials or fabric glue to hold pieces together before sewing.


  • 1. Type of Overlocker There are several types of overlockers on the market, each designed for specific tasks. Common types include 2-thread, 3-thread, and 4-thread overlockers. The more threads used, the more robust the stitching. Assess your production needs to determine the right type.


  • A. Upholstery and Home Decor:
    We’ll suggest projects such as reupholstering furniture, creating curtains, and making cushions that can be easily accomplished with a heavy duty sewing machine.

  • Understanding Sewing Techniques


  • Understanding the Lock Stitch in Sewing Machines


  • 2. Even Feed When working with multiple layers, a walking foot ensures that all layers are fed through the machine evenly, preventing uneven seams and puckering. This consistency is crucial in leather crafting, where the look and finish of seams can significantly impact the overall quality of the piece.


  • The price of automatic sewing machines can range from a few hundred dollars to several thousand dollars. Entry-level models are typically more affordable and are suitable for basic sewing tasks such as hemming and stitching. These machines are ideal for beginners or hobbyists who do not require advanced features.
  • Automotive sewing machines are essential tools used in the manufacturing and repair of car interiors. These specialized machines are designed to handle heavy-duty fabric materials commonly found in vehicles, such as leather, vinyl, and canvas.
  • 4. Durability Constructed to handle various fabrics, these machines are built to last. Their robust design minimizes maintenance issues, allowing users to focus more on creativity and production rather than machine repairs.


  • The Double Stitch Machine Revolutionizing Textile Manufacturing


  • 3. Specialized Needles Using the right needles is crucial when sewing leather and fur. Leather needles have a wedge-shaped point designed to pierce through the material without causing damage. For fur, a slightly rounded needle is more appropriate to slide between the fur fibers without pulling them out. Many sewing machines designed for these materials often come with a selection of specialized needles.


  • CNC programmable sewing machines operate under precise algorithms that dictate their movements. This system allows the machines to follow pre-programmed patterns and designs with pinpoint accuracy, reducing human error and increasing production speed. As a result, manufacturers can produce intricate designs that were previously too complex or time-consuming to execute by hand. This capability not only elevates the quality and uniqueness of the finished products but also helps companies stay competitive in a fast-paced market.


  • Cutting the fabric along the marked lines requires great precision. This is where the skill of the sewer comes into play. Using sharp scissors or rotary cutters, the fabric is cut carefully, making sure to follow the cutting lines exactly to avoid any discrepancies. Even a slight deviation can alter the fit and aesthetic, so attention to detail is paramount. After cutting, it is common practice to use notches and markings to indicate seam allowances, darts, and other important sewing details, further enhancing the accuracy of the garment assembly.


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